Phytochemical Screening Research Articles

Effect of ethanolic leaves extract of Myrianthus arboreus on lipid profile of Wistar rats

This study investigated the effect of ethanolic leaves extract of Myrianthus arboreus on lipid profile of Wistar rats. A total of 24 albino Wistar rats divided into 8 groups of three rats each, were orally administered with DMSO as control and varying doses of 1500 mg/KgBw, 1000 mg/KgBw and 500 mg/KgBw for 7days and 14 days respectively. After 7 and 14 days groups 1-4 and 5-8 were sacrificed respectively. Blood samples and hearts of rats were collected for biochemical and histopathology investigations respectively. The result showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) in the mean values of total-cholesterol (T-Chol) and Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-Chol.) in all the extract treated groups for 7 and 14 days when compared to mean control values. Mean values of triglyceride (Tg) and very low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-Chol) significantly increased (p<0.05) in 1500 and 1000 mg/kgbw extract treated groups for 7days and decreased significantly (p<0.05) in 500 mg/kgbw for 14 days when compared with mean control values. The results also reveal a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the level of high density lipoprotein-cholesterolHDL-Chol) for groups treated 1500 1000 and 500 mg/kgbws for 14 days when compared with control. Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, saponins and tannins with phenols and tannins having the highest and lowest concentrations of 1185.04 and 16.75 mg/100g respectively. The histopathology results showed normal histology of the heart tissues of animals in groups 1,3-8 while that of group 2 showed inflammation of the heart tissues. In conclusion, oral administration of ethanol leaves extract of Myrianthus arboreus is safe for the heart.

Physicochemical composition, centesimal, and phytochemical profile of umbu seed flour (Spondias tuberosa Arruda)

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional potential of umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arruda) seed flours. This was an experimental study. The seeds of the umbu fruit were subjected to an oven-drying process in order to obtain the flour. Subsequently, the analysis of the centesimal composition, physicochemical, mineral, and fatty acid profile, microbiological investigation, and the screening of bioactive phytochemicals of the umbu seed flours in hydroethanolic extracts were carried out. A completely randomized design (CID) was used, with three replications, and the results were expressed as means followed by standard deviation. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out, and the Tukey’s test was applied at a 5% probability level. It was possible to obtain flour from umbu seeds. It was observed that they contained significant amounts of insoluble dietary fiber (80.9 ± 0.55a g.100-1), protein (6.95 ± 0.10a g.100-1), and lipids (5.54 ± 1.13a g.100-1). The minerals present included zinc (1.87 ± 0.05b mg.100 g-1), manganese (14.36 ± 0.34c mg.100 g-1), and calcium (104.79 ± 0.92c mg.100 g-1). The flours had high levels of oleic monounsaturated fatty acids (33.10 ± 0.13a g.100-1), linoleic polyunsaturated fatty acids (38.06 ± 0.06b g.100-1), and palmitic saturated fatty acids (19.1 ± 0.04b g.100-1), in addition to considerable levels of phenolic compounds (276.21 ± 14.01a mg.g-1 GAE) and flavonoids (891.09 ± 9.01ª mg.g-1 rutin), with satisfactory sanitary conditions for Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Bacillus cereus molds, and yeasts. This study suggests that umbu seed meals can be considered relevant sources of dietary fiber, minerals, and natural antioxidants.

Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Ethno-medical Importance of Sword Bean

Canavalia gladiata (jacq)DC is a lesser-known bean commonly called sword bean. This study deals with the preliminary phytochemical screening and ethno-medicinal properties of sword beans. The phytochemical assessments of the sword bean seed show the medicinal value of the plant. Alkaloids, Tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, Cardiac glycosides, Reducing sugars, Proteins, and Carbohydrates showed positive results in three types of solvents viz., water, Methanol, and Acetone solvents. The whole 1Q2plant of sword bean used in many traditional and ethano-medicinal practices by their applications.

Qualitative and Quantitative Phytochemicals Screening of Aqueous, Methanol and Hexane Leaves Extracts of Senna Occidentalis

The Senna occidentalis tree is an incredible plant with incredible antimicrobial, antifungal and antimalarial activities used traditionally. The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical content responsible for these activities  Fresh leaves were collected, aqueous, methanolic and hexane extracts of leaves were prepared, and the extracts were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. Results of the phytochemical screening of all the crude extracts revealed the presence of saponins, tannins, steroids, phenol, alkaloid and flavonoid. In aqeuose extract, flavonoid show higher content of 2,47%, followed by tepernoid with 2.27%, methanol with higher content of tepernoid with 2.60%, and hexane with the highest in tepernoid with only 2.38%. Based on the present study, it can be concluded that the extracts of Senna occidentalis are rich source of phytochemicals and F flavonoid is found to be most abundant phytochemical presence of bioactive constituents that could be the reason for pharmacological activity that is used traditionally by many people as an alternative treatment for a variety of health diseases.

The use of Phytochemical, GC-MS Analysis and Hepatoprotective Effect of the Methanol Leaf Extract of Camellia Sinensis (L.) Kuntze on Paracetamol-Induced Liver Injury in Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Camellia sinensis is a tree popularly called green tea used as a strong antioxidant and for treating diseases such as cancer. This present study was aimed at assessing the phytochemicals and evaluating the hepatoprotective activity of leaf extract in Wistar rats. METHODS: The phytochemical screening was performed by standard methods, acute toxicity study and hepatoprotective activity were evaluated in randomly groups of five rats or six rats in paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. RESULTS: The phytochemical screening of leaf extract revealed the presence of major metabolites. The GC-MS analysis showed 18 bioactive compounds which are mainly fatty acids with retention times between 7.436 and 18.462 min. A high total phenolic content (TPC) of 1425.22 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 802.01 mg QE/g were obtained. The acute toxicity did not produce any sign of toxicity at a dose of 5,000 mg/kg of extract. The extract produced a dose-dependent activity on the liver. These protections were statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to the standard drug silymarin. There were no elevated values in liver function biomarkers in all the animal groups as well as histopathological damages to the liver after eight weeks of treatment at 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of extract doses. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the study showed that C. sinensis methanol leaf extract contains important phytochemicals that are protective against paracetamol-induced liver injuries, thus, the plant was considered safe for use as ethnomedicinal remedies for liver disease in traditional medicine.

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of phytosterols extracted from Pisum sativum L. and Cicer arietinum L. through different extraction methods

Investigations of Limeum indicum Plant for Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's disease Dual Therapy: Phytochemical, GC-MS Chemical Profiling, Enzyme Inhibition, Molecular Docking and In-vivo Studies.

Limeum indicum has been widely utilized in traditional medicine but no experimental work has been done on this herb. The primary objective of this study was to conduct a phytochemical analysis and assess the multifunctional capabilities of aforementioned plant in dual therapy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). The phytochemical screening of ethanol, methanol extract, and their derived fractions of Limeum indicum was conducted using GC-MS, HPLC, UV-analysis and FTIR. The antioxidant capacity was evaluated by DPPH method. The inhibitory potential of the extracts/fractions against α-, β-glucosidase acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and monoaminine oxidases (MAO-A & B) was evaluated. Results revealed that acetonitrile fraction has highest inhibitory potential against α-glucosidase (IC50=68.47±0.05µg/mL), methanol extract against β-glucosidase (IC50=91.12±0.07µg/mL), ethyl acetate fraction against AChE (IC50=59.0±0.02 µg/mL), ethanol extract against BChE (28.41±0.01µg/mL), n-hexane fraction against MAO-A (IC50=150.5±0.31µg/mL) and methanol extract for MAO-B (IC50=75.95±0.13µg/mL). The docking analysis of extracts\fractions suggested the best binding scores within the active pocket of the respective enzymes. During the in-vivo investigation, ethanol extract produced hypoglycemic effect (134.52±2.79 and 119.38±1.40 mg/dl) after 21 days treatment at dose level of 250 and 500 mg/Kg. Histopathological findings further supported the in-vivo studies.

The proximate composition and phytochemical screening of Momordica Balsamina (balsam apple) fruit and leaves

Malnutrition is a global issue that affects both children and adults irrespective of their socio-economic status. It is therefore important to find various means to tackle malnutrition. This is especially important as undernutrition and overnutrition can be linked to a variety of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Therefore, this study aimed to gather more insight into the nutritional and phytochemical quality of Momordica balsamina leaves and fruit (fruit pericarp, fruit flesh and seeds). The results showed that M. balsamina had a nutritional composition that would be advantageous to the human diet. The nutritional quality was verified by the presence of a high protein percentage across all samples (19.72–29.08%), with the leaves containing the highest protein content (29.08% ± 0.77). There was also a low-fat content present across all samples which ranged from 1.03% to 2.40%. The ash content indicated the presence of total minerals to be adequate (2.93–21.16%), where the pericarp had the highest ash quantity (21.16% ± 0.09). Overall, the moisture levels were low (7.11–13.40%); with M. balsamina seeds containing the highest carbohydrate content (67.84% ± 0.30).  Moreover, rich in the major phytoconstituents, M. balsamina extracts were found to contain alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids and triterpenoids. Based on these findings, it can be deduced that the incorporation of M. balsamina into an individual’s diet could prevent diseases associated with malnutrition and could be used to supplement the human diet in managing certain NCDs.

Exploring the phytochemical and biological properties of Salsola foetida: a promising wild plant from Southeastern Algeria

ABSTRACT This study presents an initial exploration of the phytochemical composition and biological properties of Salsola foetida, a wild plant native to southeastern Algeria. The investigation encompassed an analysis of the biochemical content, phytochemical profile, and bioactivity of the plant’s aerial parts. The biomass of S. foetida was found to comprise 51.2 ± 0.4% ash, with elemental analysis revealing the presence of carbon, oxygen, calcium, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium, and sulfur. Carbohydrates were identified as the predominant constituents, surpassing the levels of proteins and lipids. Phytochemical screening, coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) analysis, confirmed the presence of various secondary metabolites, including alkaloids and phenols. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis further delineated a spectrum of phenolic compounds, with rutin emerging as the predominant compound at 1.59 µg/ml. Quantification revealed a noteworthy phenolic content of 67.1 ± 0.2 µg GE/mg ED. The extract exhibited robust radical scavenging effects, with the radical 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) being 61.8 ± 0.2 μg/ml, along with protective effects against H2O2-induced hemolysis and the ability to reduce ferric ions. Additionally, the extract demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antidiabetic activities. Notably, it exhibited considerable sunscreen properties, boasting a sun protected factor (SPF) value of 21 ± 1. Overall, S. foetida presents promising antioxidant activity and a spectrum of potential biological activities, underscoring its significance as a novel antioxidant candidate for applications in animal nutrition, medicine, and natural product research.

Evaluation of the content of polyphenols, flavonoids and tannins, the antioxidant capacity, and the antimicrobial activity of different organic and aqueous fractions of stems of Retama monosperma

Retama monosperma is an endemic plant of the Mediterranean region that has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat various ailments. It contains a variety of bioactive phytochemicals and exhibited several biological activities. This study aimed to assess the phytochemical screening, total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total tannin compounds, as well as the antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. The phytochemical screening involved color reactions, characteristic reagents, and precipitation methods. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin compounds were quantified using colorimetric methods across four fractions. Antioxidant capacity was assessed using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power, 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging, and phosphomolebdenum assay. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated through disc diffusion method and the microdilution assay. Qualitative phytochemical tests revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and sterols. Quantification of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin compounds confirmed the richness of polyphenolic compounds in all fractions. The antioxidant capacity measurements revealed that the ethanol fractions exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity in 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power assays, and phosphomolebdenum assay. Conversely, the aqueous fraction showed highest activity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Regarding antimicrobial activity, the ethyl acetate fraction demonstrated superior efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus cereus. These findings suggest that R. monosperma could serve as a valuable source of antioxidant and anti-infective phytocompounds.

Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity of Solanum elaeagnifolium extract in Swiss albino mice

IntroductionThe curative effects of Solanum elaeagnifolium have aroused the interest of botanical medicine researchers. However, no research has been carried out into its potential toxicity. The aim of this study was firstly to screen the secondary metabolites contained in the leaves and fruits of S. elaeagnifolium and their mineralogical composition, and secondly to assess the acute oral toxicity of S. elaeagnifolium in Swiss albino mice. MethodsThe amount of minerals in the plant powder was assessed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and phytochemical screening was performed. The hydroethanolic extracts of the leaves and fruits of this plant were prepared using the maceration method. Acute oral toxicity was assessed according to the OECD guideline 423. Mice were given leaf extracts (SEFE) and fruit extracts (SEFR) once at doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg in an acute toxicity study. The animals were then monitored for 14 days. The animals were then monitored for 14 days. To rule out any potential toxicity, the general behavior of the animals, the clinical symptoms of poisoning, body weight, biochemical and hematological markers, and liver, kidney, and spleen histology were examined. ResultsThe two different plant extracts comprised very important mineralogical elements such as Mg, Zn, and k, as well as secondary metabolites such as polyphenols and flavonoids, these chemical elements were shown to have very important biological activities. An oral administration of a hydroethanolic extract of S. elaeagnifolium leaves and fruits at a dose of 2000 mg/kg resulted in toxicity and death in mice. We found no significant difference in the weight of the mice. For doses less than 2000 mg/kg, biochemical markers in the liver, kidneys, and hematology did not differ significantly from those in the control group. Furthermore, there were no changes in hematological markers. Furthermore, the architecture of the liver, spleen, and kidney was normal and histopathological analysis did not reveal significant adverse effects. ConclusionsThese findings indicate that the plant harbors a significant array of secondary metabolites and minerals. S. elaeagnifolium exhibited signs of toxicity and induced histological, hematological, and biochemical alterations at a dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. These comprehensive studies will help to improve our understanding of S. elaeagnifolium safety and potential utility, laying the groundwork for its safe use in a variety of settings.

Preliminary Phytochemical Evaluation and Antimicrobial studies of the methanol stem bark extract of Detarium microcarpum

Detarium microcarpum is an African native plant that grows in the wild in several African countries, notably in savannah areas. The plant has a wide therapeutic application and is often referred to as the miracle plant by the traditional herbalist. Folk medicine relies heavily on its leaves and fruits. Hence, this research was aimed at qualitatively and quantitatively estimating the phytoconstituents inherent in the plant as well as to evaluate its antimicrobial potentials. Qualitative analysis of the methanol crude extracts was carried out to identify the presence of the classes of secondary metabolites: The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, steroids and Glycosides. Similarly, the quantitative estimation of these phytoconstituents revealed the following percentage of the metabolite; alkaloids (112.35 mg/100g Atropine sulfate eqv), saponins (96.84 mg/100g Gravimetric), Tannins (159.65 mg/100g Tannic acid eqv), Flavanoids (125.47 mg/100g Quarcetine eqv) Glycosides (397.53 mg/100g), Steroids (34.52 mg/100g Cholestrol), Total phenolics (228.24 mg/100 Gallic acid eqv). The paper disc diffusion method was used to determine the antimicrobial activity of the Crude methanol extract of Datarium microcarpum using standard procedures (Bauer et al 1996). The results of antimicrobial efficacies revealed that the crude methanol extract of stem bark Detarium microcarpum was effective in inhibiting the growth of the following microorganisms; Protius, Bacillus subtilis staphylococaccus aureus, Enterobacta, Eschericia coli Shigelia dysenteriae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus nigger, Aspergillus flavus, Candida albican and Rhezome. The methanol crude extract showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) from 1.0×104 to 4.0×104 . Keywords: Phytochemical, antimicrobial studies, stem bark, and Detarium microcarpum

Coaxial electrospun PVA-SAP functional nanofibers embedded with betel leaf extract for enhanced germicidal activity and breathability

This study investigates the formation of coaxial electrospun nanofibrous membrane with enhanced germicidal activity and breathability using superabsorbent polymer and polyvinyl alcohol integrated with betel leaf extract and its utilization for developing performance textiles. The functional nanofibrous membrane was fabricated through the coaxial electrospinning technique and characterized for the intended applications. The morphological investigation of the developed nano-membrane using scanning electron microscopy revealed the formation of regular nanofibers with diameters ranging from 154 to 200 nm. The FTIR spectra suggested the existence of functional compounds in the nanofibers from their characteristic peaks. The presence of the bioactive compounds in the ethanolic extract of betel leaf was explored using phytochemical screening. The analysis of antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E.coli using the agar disc diffusion method showed an enhanced zone of inhibition with a maximum dimension of 27 mm and 24 mm against S. aureus and E.coli, respectively. The developed coaxial nanofibrous membranes also demonstrated acceptable particle barrier performance with greater than 95 % efficiency and a superior tensile strength of 99.5 N. Besides, the improved moisture management and air permeability of coaxial nano-membranes embedded with betel leaf extracts suggested an easy transfer of fluid and moisture vapor from the body to the environment via the membrane. Hence, the improved germicidal activity with acceptable particle filtration efficiency and enhanced breathability of the developed coaxial electrospun nano-membranes indicated their potentiality of utilizing them in designing performance textiles with simultaneous barrier performance and breathability for comfort.

Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Evaluation of the Stems of Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur

Background: Malaria continues to cause havoc on various populations because of the high mortality and economic burden associated with the disease. Progress made in the therapeutics of the disease is threatened by the emerging parasite resistance to currently used first line treatment drugs. This has prompted the search for new, effective, and safe antimalarial agents. The use of traditional medicine in the treatment of various types of diseases including malaria is a regular practice seen with many cultures in Ghana. The stems of Albizia coriaria Welw ex. Oliver and Ficus sur Forssk are such plants used with little evidence about their in vivo efficacy. Aim: This study therefore aimed to assess the in vivo antiplasmodial potential, and the acute toxicity of the hydroethanolic stem extract of Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur. Method: Qualitative phytochemical screening was done on the powdered plant material using standard methods. Acute toxicity was carried out according to OECD guidelines using the Limit test. In vivo antiplasmodial activity of the hydroethanolic extract was assessed using the Peter’s 4-day suppressive and Rane’s curative test. Results: The 70% ethanol extract was safe with the lethal dose above 3000 mg/kg. All the extracts significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed parasitaemia in the Peter’s suppressive and Rane’s curative test with Albizia coriaria producing the highest chemotherapeutic activity of 68.89 and 61.46% in the suppressive and curative test respectively. That of F. sur was less than 50% in both assays. Artesunate reference drug recorded over 80% suppression in the curative test but lesser activity in the suppression assay compared to A. coriaria. Several plant metabolites including terpenoids, flavonoids and coumarins were found in both plant samples. Conclusion: Albizia coriaria and Ficus sur 70% ethanol extract showed considerable antiplasmoidal activity and were found to be non-toxic in acute toxicity study, thus justifying their safe use in the treatment of malaria as suggested by folklore medicine.

Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Grown in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Phytochemical Screening and in vitro Anticancer Activity of Some Medicinal Plants Grown in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Bead milling liberates the antioxidant properties of nanosized tubers of Vernonia guineensis Benth (Asteraceae)

Vernonia guineensis Benth. (Asteraceae), locally known as ‘African ginseng’, is an herbaceous plant with various therapeutic properties, sold by herbalists, and used in several traditional African preparations. Nanosizing has the capability to potentiate those preparations in their pharmacological properties. Premilling and extensive grinding using a planetary ball mill were used to reduce the size of V. guineensis tubers towards antioxidant studies. Water was used as an environmental friendly, cost effective solvent and dispersant to generate a nanocolloidal suspension of V. guineensis tubers. Size and size distribution were determined via photon correlation spectroscopy at room temperature which allows discussion on stability by Zeta potential and polydispersity index. Phytochemical screening shows presence of alkaloids, coumarins, polyphenol, saponins, tanins, terpenes, and anthraquinones. The distribution curve in water shows a polydispersed system with large hydrodynamic particles of size close to 1000 nm and a Z-average of 484.5 nm. The preparation separate in two phases with polydispersity index 0.217 for the supernatant and 0.543 for the suspension. In the supernatant and suspension, the particles zeta potential were -12.3 mV and -13.7mV respectively. The Mastersizer analysis indicates that there are smaller particles in volume in the supernatant than in the suspension. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity shows an increase in antioxidant activity, compared to that of ascorbic acid, in the nanoformulated state. These findings allow us to conclude on the potential of size reduction when compared to solvent extraction in pharmacologic preparations.

Evaluation and method development for quantification of Piperine in Hutabhugadi Churna by RP- HPLC

Aim and Objective: The current work was aimed at preparing the Hutabhugadi Churna in the laboratory and evaluating the same including the method development for the estimation of a marker compound Piperine by using RP-HPLC. Methods: Prepared Hutabhugadi churna was subjected for macroscopic, physical, and chemical evaluation considering WHO guidelines. The methanolic extract was subjected for estimation of Piperine as marker using RP-HPLC. Results: The macroscopic characteristics like colour, odour and taste are recorded. The physical characteristics like loss on drying, ash value, extractive value, swelling index, foaming index, powder properties like angle of repose, bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index etc. were determined. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, preliminary phytochemical screening was also carried out. The results are compared with marketed formulation of Hutabhugadi churna. The retention time of the standard Piperine was found to be 5.517, while the Piperine in extracts of laboratory and marketed formulations was found to be was found to be 5.554 and 5.562 respectively. The concentration of Piperine in laboratory and marketed formulation was found to be 0.17 %w/w and 0.18 % w/w respectively. The method developed was also validated. Conclusion: The laboratory made Hutabhugadi churna and marketed formulation of Hutabhugadi churna was comparatively evaluated. The resulting data will be useful for the standardization of the Hutabhugadi churna, an Ayurvedic formulation.

Antibacterial Activity of Tunicata Ethanol Extract Polycarpa Aurata gainst Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Typhi by TLC-Bioautography and Agar Diffusion

Tunicata Polycarpa aurata contains chemical compounds in the form of peptides and alkaloids  that are cytotoxic and have the ability as antibacterial against several pathogenic bacteria. The aims of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Tunicata Polycarpa aurata using the TLC-bioautography and diffusion method. Tunicata Polycarpa aurata was extracted by maceration and then evaporated to obtain a thick extract. The results of the antibacterial screening test showed the active extract at a concentration of 0.1% against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The results of testing for antibacterial activity using the TLC-bioautography with using ethanol: ethyl acetate (1:4) eluent showed results of Salmonella typhi bacteria with an Rf value = 0.27 and Escherichia coli bacteria with an Rf value = 0.27. While the results of testing the antibacterial activity the using the agar diffusion method showed the largest inhibition zona diameter at a concentration of 4% for Escherichia coli bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.55 mm, and Salmonella typhi with an inhibition zone diameter of 12.3 mm. Phytochemical screening tests on the ethanol extract of Tunicata Polycarpa aurata revealed  the presence of flavonoids, tannins, steroids/terpenoids, alkaloids and saponins.

Antibiofilm Efficacy and Mode of Action of Etlingera elatior Extracts Against Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus represents a major bacterial human pathogen that causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Various medicinal plants have been used to control its infection, however, the effect of Etlingera elatior on S. aureus biofilm is still uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of E. elatior extracts against S. aureus. Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the presence of phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids in different extracts (acetone, methanol, ethanol, and aqueous) of E. elatior. Antibacterial activities were determined by disk diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration assay (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration assay (MBC) while antibiofilm activities were determined by crystal violet assay and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All the extracts were found to contain phenols, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Only acetone extract showed a high amount of saponins. Among all the extracts, acetone extract showed the widest inhibition zone (21.23±0.2 mm), lowest MIC (20 mg/mL), and lowest MBC (50 mg/mL) values. The acetone extract also showed the highest antibiofilm activities at all biofilm stages (6 hr:  12%-31%; 12 hr:  20%-36%; 18 hr:  27%-32%; 24 hr:  5%-46%). Further analysis with FTIR spectroscopy revealed spectral changes associated with proteins (1700–1400 cm-1), phospholipids, and polysaccharides (1300–700 cm-1) in S. aureus biofilm following the treatment with 200 mg/mL of E. elatior extracts. In conclusion, E. elatior is a potential source of antibacterial and antibiofilm agents to control S. aureus infections. Changes in the composition of proteins, phospholipids, and polysaccharides may mediate the biofilm inhibition by E. elatior extracts. The acetone extract of E. elatior may be useful for various applications such as antimicrobial topical cream and wound dressing.

In Vitro Activity of Ethanol Extract of Rimbang Fruit (Solanum ferox) as an Active Ingredient in Sunscreen Preparations

Solanum ferox is a typical Central Kalimantan plant widely used by Dayak’s community as a vegetable. The study aims to determine the ethanol extract of sour eggplant activities by measuring its SPF in vitro and identifying secondary metabolite contents. The sour eggplant is extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent and then bound with an evaporator. The secondary metabolite groups of ethanol extract were identified using phytochemical screening. The identification results indicate the presence of flavonoid, terpenoid, steroid, and phenolic compounds. Then, the ethanol extract was fractionated with a water solvent, and its functional cluster was identified using the IR spectrum. IR spectral identification results indicate the presence of OH, C-O, C=C olefin, C -O ether, and aliphatic CH functional groups. (CH2 and CH3) SPF values were determined by measuring the absorption of ethanol and water extracts in vitro using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at UV-B wavelengths of 290-320 nm. In vitro testing has been conducted as a preliminary test in developing a sunscreen product (active substance). The SPF values of ethanol extract and water from weighted fruit extract in sequence are 40 and 23 at a 10% concentration with ultra-category.